The approval of the primary hormonal contraceptive (HC) in 1960 was a historic turning level for girls, providing unprecedented autonomy over reproductive selections and higher management over the trajectories of their lives. As such, entry to contraception is now recognised as a world human proper (World Well being Organisation, 2014).
An estimated 40% of reproductive-aged girls use hormonal contraceptive (HCs) (Kristensen, 2021), however discontinuation is frequent resulting from perceived psychological negative effects (Martell, 2023). Regardless of this, epidemiological analysis assessing the hyperlink between HCs and temper modifications or melancholy has yielded blended outcomes. Some research report a protecting affect of HCs on temper in particular populations, e.g., these with premenopausal dysphoric dysfunction (PMDD) (Robakis, 2019), whereas different research have reported a unfavorable affiliation or null findings for HCs and depressive signs (Skovlund, 2016; Worly, 2018). These inconsistencies could also be defined by between-study variation; extra analysis is required to grasp this relationship, accounting for nuances concerning the affect of various exogenous hormone formulations and deliveries (e.g., long-acting versus oral strategies), and in numerous populations.
This weblog entry opinions findings from a latest Danish research (Larsen et al, 2024) which estimated the threat of melancholy in new customers of three totally different doses of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). This work is important not solely to offer knowledgeable counselling to customers but additionally to help equitable entry to contraception by addressing limitations associated to concern concerning negative effects.
The influences of hormonal contraceptives on psychological well being have been a longstanding concern for girls of reproductive age. This new potential cohort research examines melancholy threat in new customers of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS).
Strategies
This was a potential research utilizing information from the Danish nationwide well being registry. The research pattern included girls residing in Denmark who:
- Have been born in 1978 or later,
- Began utilizing an LNG-IUS between the ages of 15 and 44, and
- Had no earlier psychological well being dysfunction.
Incident melancholy was decided utilizing diagnostic information or prescription of antidepressants inside 12 months of LNG-IUS insertion. Threat of melancholy was calculated utilizing Cox regression, adjusted for different identified and measured confounders (i.e., age, training, household historical past of psychological well being dysfunction, postpartum IUS use and medical problems for which a high-dose IUS is indicated).
Outcomes
The evaluation included 149,200 new customers of the LNG-IUS; 14.8%, 32% and 53.3% of whom used a low, medium and excessive dose system, respectively. Excessive-dose IUS customers had been extra more likely to be older, to have had youngsters, and to have been recognized with a medical indication for an LNG-IUS (e.g., heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis or uterine fibroids).
The whole variety of melancholy circumstances, primarily based on each diagnoses and antidepressant prescriptions, was 2,258. After 12 months, the share of low, medium and excessive dose LNG-IUS customers with melancholy was 1.21%, 1.46%, and 1.84%, respectively. This interprets to 0.26% extra of the medium dose group having melancholy in comparison with the low dose group, and 0.63% extra within the excessive in comparison with low dose group; comparatively modest variations in threat.
Circumstances of melancholy had been predominantly recognized via antidepressant prescriptions (n=2,110), whereas 366 girls had acquired a proper prognosis. To beat potential bias from together with girls who acquired antidepressants for circumstances apart from melancholy (e.g., nervousness problems, continual ache circumstances, premenstrual dysphoric dysfunction [PMDD]), the evaluation was rerun with these for which melancholy was specified because the indication (n=1,198). On this case, absolutely the dangers had been 0.59% (low dose), 0.70% (medium dose), and 1.02% (excessive dose).
The chance variations between low–medium and low–excessive doses had been small; nevertheless, a dose–response sample (i.e., more and more increased threat with the next levonorgestrel dose) was evident whatever the methodology used to determine melancholy circumstances.
The elevated threat of melancholy within the high- in comparison with the low-dose LNG-IUS group persevered following a sequence of robustness checks. For instance, the authors carried out separate analyses with the next parameters: nulliparous girls (i.e., with no start historical past); girls beneath the age of 30; and people who initiated an LNG-IUS after 2017 (to beat bias from variable prescription patterns over time). Utilizing propensity rating weighting, an evaluation method that goals to imitate randomisation of baseline traits throughout the research pattern, the authors once more discovered a dose–response relationship between levonorgestrel dose and melancholy threat.
One other evaluation utilizing solely these with a previous psychological well being dysfunction prognosis (48,937 girls) reported dangers for low, medium and excessive dose LNG-IUS to be 4.80%, 5.22% and 5.91%, respectively. On this evaluation, the distinction within the proportion of excessive in comparison with low dose LNG-IUS customers who developed melancholy (1.11%) is bigger than within the group with no prior psychological well being prognosis, suggesting that this group could also be barely extra delicate to the elevated LNG dose.
Twelve months following insertion of an LNG-IUS, the next dose of levonorgestrel was related to a barely increased threat of melancholy; nevertheless, the danger was low total.
Conclusions
The authors concluded that their research:
supplies proof of a dose-dependent affiliation between LNG publicity and threat of subsequent melancholy throughout three dosages, which was constant after contemplating potential confounders, akin to menstrual bleeding indications for high-dose LNG-IUS use.
A variety of further robustness checks had been carried out to beat sources of bias, and this dose-dependent relationship persevered whatever the evaluation parameters. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that the danger variations (0.27 to 0.66%) had been modest between low and medium to excessive LNG doses, respectively, and that this small elevated threat of melancholy should be thought of alongside different potential helpful results. Clinicians needs to be conscious that increased LNG-IUS doses could marginally improve the danger of melancholy, however the selection of LNG dose ought to in the end be holistically knowledgeable, accounting for comorbid circumstances and affected person preferences.
Increased levonorgestrel dose was linked to the next threat of melancholy in a dose–dependent method. Nevertheless, the general threat distinction between high and low dose LNG-IUS was modest.
Strengths and limitations
Nordic nations are famend for his or her glorious contributions to epidemiological analysis resulting from their population-based registries that present routinely collected, nearly full potential information (Laugesen et al. 2021). This Danish research is an instance of such, benefitting from a big pattern measurement spanning the extent of the nationwide inhabitants, and consequently, has a excessive stage of statistical energy main to express estimates and a vastly decreased likelihood of choice bias. Moreover, such registries have a excessive optimistic predictive worth for melancholy (people flagged as having melancholy usually tend to be precisely recognized—there are fewer “false positives”).
The research additionally did nicely to deal with confounding by gynaecological circumstances that are sometimes handled with high-dose LNG-IUS, postpartum initiation, and historical past of psychological well being problems. Potential sources of bias had been addressed via conducting a sequence of sensitivity analyses, every of which maintained a dose-dependent sample for melancholy threat by rising levonorgestrel dose.
Nevertheless, some limitations should be famous. As urged by Soares (2024) in an editorial response, the exclusion of non-LNG-IUS customers implies that absolutely the dangers of melancholy will not be given in context of the overall inhabitants. The annual incidence fee of melancholy in Danish girls is roughly 1.3% (Musliner et al. 2019); due to this fact, low to medium dose LNG-IUS customers could not incur a meaningfully increased threat than can be anticipated usually. This is a crucial consideration when decoding outcomes.
It’s doable that this research underestimated the true threat of incident melancholy, as melancholy diagnoses had been taken from the Psychiatric Central Register however had been unavailable for main care. There could also be a subset of sufferers with milder depressive signs who could have acquired counselling targeted on way of life modifications slightly than medical intervention. Moreover, delicate unfavourable reactions to earlier hormonal contraceptives had been unknown; it’s doable that ladies had been switched to LNG-IUS who’ve an current sensitivity to exogenous hormones.
Lastly, whereas variations between the three dosing teams had been adjusted for in analyses, there stays an opportunity that different unknown or unmeasured elements could have influenced outcomes.
This research benefitted from a nationally consultant pattern measurement, and thus, excessive statistical energy and exact estimates. Limitations included the potential for unmeasured confounding and the dearth of knowledge on milder depressive signs.
Implications for follow
Contraceptive counselling just isn’t all the time simple. Medical professionals should weigh up the dangers and advantages of a variety of hormonal or non-hormonal choices, all whereas contemplating the distinctive wants of every particular person when it comes to their medical historical past, way of life, earlier contraceptive experiences, and their private preferences. The complicated relationship between hormonal contraceptives and psychological well being just isn’t nicely understood, with blended findings for protecting results, elevated dangers or null findings for various contraceptives and melancholy.
Larsen et al. (2024) present novel proof for an rising threat of incident melancholy because the dose of LNG-IUS will increase. Contemplating the dose–response sample and the complementary preclinical proof for the consequences of levonorgestrel on related mechanistic pathways within the central and peripheral nervous methods, it’s believable that levonorgestrel does modestly improve melancholy threat. Nevertheless, given the observational nature of this research, causal relationships can’t be established.
It is usually noteworthy that the absolute melancholy threat was solely marginally increased than that anticipated within the basic inhabitants. For top-dose LNG-IUS, roughly one in each 152 girls could develop medical melancholy inside 12 months following initiation, in comparison with low dose or the overall inhabitants. This may very well be thought of a small threat total.
On the similar time, it will be important for healthcare suppliers to concentrate on this small threat. It has been thought that the LNG-IUS acts solely throughout the intrauterine atmosphere and that it has little affect on widespread physiological processes, for instance, throughout the central nervous system. The dose–dependent sample recognized on this analysis means that exogenous hormones from the LNG-IUS could certainly affect melancholy threat, maybe defined by affect of neuroendocrine pathways, akin to potentiation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity (Aleknaviciute et al. 2017). Healthcare suppliers ought to validate affected person’s issues concerning anticipated results of the LNG-IUS on psychological well being outcomes and think about monitoring for signs, particularly in these with a psychiatric historical past or prior sensitivity to different hormonal contraceptives.
Moreover, this research captured melancholy diagnoses or antidepressant prescriptions, which doubtless represents girls with extra extreme depressive signs; but it’s doable that ladies could expertise milder signs that nonetheless have an effect on their high quality of life. Due to this fact, the comparatively small threat of melancholy estimated by this research shouldn’t be used to dismiss sufferers’ issues. Future analysis is warranted to discover LNG-IUS influences on a wider vary of psychological well being signs and at totally different severities.
The next levonorgestrel dose is related to a barely elevated threat of melancholy; nevertheless, this small threat ought to all the time be weighed up towards different potential advantages of a better LNG-IUS dose (e.g., treating different well being circumstances).
Assertion of pursuits
I at present supervise a DPhil pupil who’s finding out the affect of postpartum LNG-IUS on breastfeeding charges.
Hyperlinks
Main paper
Larsen SV, Mikkelsen AP, Ozenne B, et al. Affiliation Between Intrauterine System Hormone Dosage and Melancholy Threat. American Journal of Psychiatry 2024; 181(9) 834–841. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230909.
Different references
World Well being Organisation (WHO). Guaranteeing human rights within the provision of contraceptive data and companies: Steerage and suggestions. 2014. Geneva Switzerland Division of Reproductive Well being and Analysis.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/102539/9789241506748_eng.pdf;sequence=1
Kristensen SI, Lidegaard Ø. Hormonal contraceptive use in Denmark 2010-2019. Dan Med J. 2021; 68(6).
https://content.ugeskriftet.dk/sites/default/files/scientific_article_files/2021-05/a08200599_web.pdf
Martell S, Marini C, Kondas CA et al. Psychological negative effects of hormonal contraception: a disconnect between sufferers and suppliers. Contracept Reprod Med. 2023; 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-022-00204-w
Robakis T, Williams KE, Nutkiewicz L. et al. Hormonal Contraceptives and Temper: Overview of the Literature and Implications for Future Analysis. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019;21(57). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1034-z
Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø. Affiliation of Hormonal Contraception with Melancholy. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(11):1154–1162. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387
Worly BL, Gur TL, Schaffir J. The connection between progestin hormonal contraception and melancholy: a scientific evaluate. Contraception. 2018;97(6):478–489.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782418300325?casa_token=wS982ncxPCUAAAAA:y-UQcrwyQHRkj81OYeLNcHr-B8581rp58G5XERqbb1kWrxwB9_1_MorHaUAxt0As_N7kO4byprA#ab0005
Laugesen Ok, Ludvigsson JF, Schmidt M, et al. Nordic Well being Registry-Primarily based Analysis: A Overview of Well being Care Techniques and Key Registries. Clin Epidemiol. 2021;13:533–554. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8302231/#:~:text=The%20Nordic%20registries%20provide%20population,up%20and%20exact%20censoring%20information.
Soares CN. Contraception, Intrauterine Techniques, and Melancholy: Can We Spot the Actual Perpetrator? Am J of Psych. 2024; 181(9):789–92. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.20240647.
Musliner KL, Liu X, Gasse C, et al. Incidence of medically handled melancholy in Denmark amongst people 15–44 years previous: a complete overview primarily based on inhabitants registers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019; 139:548–557. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30908590/
Aleknaviciute J, Tulen JHM, De Rijke YB, et al; The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system potentiates stress reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 80:39–45.
https://europepmc.org/article/med/28315609
